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Creedence Clearwater Revival, often informally abbreviated to Creedence or CCR, was an American rock band active in the late 1. The band consisted of lead vocalist, lead guitarist, and primary songwriter John Fogerty, his brother rhythm guitarist Tom Fogerty, bassist Stu Cook and drummer Doug Clifford. ![]() Their musical style encompassed the roots rock,[1]swamp rock,[2] and blues rock[3] genres. Despite their San Francisco Bay Area origins, they played in a Southern rock style, with lyrics about bayous, catfish, the Mississippi River, and other popular elements of Southern United States iconography, as well as political and socially- conscious lyrics about topics including the Vietnam War.[4] The band performed at 1. Woodstock Festival. After four years of chart- topping success, the group disbanded acrimoniously in late 1. Tom Fogerty had officially left the previous year, and his brother John was at odds with the remaining members over matters of business and artistic control, all of which resulted in subsequent lawsuits between the former bandmates. Fogerty's ongoing disagreements with Saul Zaentz, owner of their label Fantasy Records, created further protracted court battles. In fact, it’s even a bit worse: not only do most people see a Chevy Uplander and have no idea what it is, the grim truth is that even to hardcore car geeks. Tha fuck is that supposed to mean, Ian? Didn't you have the will power to enjoy the dead and at the same time have a life of your own? Are you so obsessed with one. As a result, John Fogerty refused to perform with the two other surviving former members at CCR's 1. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[5][6]Creedence Clearwater Revival's music is still a staple of U. S. radio airplay; [7] the band has sold 2. United States alone.[8]Rolling Stone ranked the band 8. History[edit]The Blue Velvets/The Golliwogs: 1. John Fogerty, Doug Clifford, and Stu Cook (all born in 1. Portola Junior High School in El Cerrito, California. Calling themselves the Blue Velvets, the trio began playing instrumentals and "juke box standards",[1. Fogerty's older brother Tom (born in 1. Tom soon joined the band, and in 1. Fantasy Records, an independent jazz label in San Francisco that had released Cast Your Fate To The Wind, a national hit for jazz pianist Vince Guaraldi. The record's success was the subject of a National Educational Television special, which prompted budding songwriter John Fogerty to contact the label.[1. ![]() For the band's first release, Fantasy co- owner Max Weiss renamed the group the Golliwogs (after the children's literary character, Golliwogg). Bandmembers' roles and the instruments they played changed during this period. Stu Cook switched from piano to bass guitar and Tom Fogerty from lead vocals to rhythm guitar; John became the band's lead vocalist and primary songwriter. In Tom Fogerty's words: "I could sing, but John had a sound!"[1. Early success: 1. In 1. 96. 6, the group suffered a setback when John Fogerty and Doug Clifford, having received draft notices, enlisted in the military. The System for Award Management (SAM) is an official website of the U.S. government. There is no cost to use SAM. You can use this site for FREE to.Fogerty joined the Army Reserve while Clifford joined the United States Coast Guard Reserve. In 1. 96. 7, Saul Zaentz bought Fantasy Records and offered the band a chance to record a full- length album on the condition that they change their name. Having never liked "the Golliwogs", in part because of the racial charge of the name, the four readily agreed. Zaentz and the band agreed to come up with ten suggestions each, but he enthusiastically agreed to their first: Creedence Clearwater Revival (CCR), which they took in January, 1. According to interviews with band members twenty years later, the name's elements come from three sources: Tom Fogerty's friend Credence Newball, whose name they changed to form the word Creedence (as in creed); a television commercial for Olympia beer ("clear water"); andthe four members' renewed commitment to their band. Rejected contenders for the band's name included Muddy Rabbit, Gossamer Wump, and Creedence Nuball and the Ruby, but the last was the start that led to their finalized name. Finally, John put together the three names and we surrendered to the inevitable,” Stu laugh[ed], “A name weirder than Buffalo Springfield or Jefferson Airplane.” [1. By 1. 96. 8, John Fogerty and Doug Clifford had been discharged from military service, and all four members had quit their jobs to begin an intense schedule of rehearsing and playing full- time at clubs.[citation needed]AM radio programmers around the U. S. A. took note when the song "Susie Q" from their self- titled debut album received substantial airplay in the San Francisco Bay Area and on Chicago's WLS.[citation needed] A remake of a 1. Dale Hawkins,[1. 3] "Susie Q" was the band's second single—its first to reach the Top 4. No. 1. 1). It would be CCR's only Top 4. John Fogerty. Two other singles from the debut were released: a cover of Screamin' Jay Hawkins's "I Put A Spell On You" (No. 5. Porterville" (released on the Scorpio label with writing credited to "T. Spicebush Swallowtail"), written during Fogerty's time in the Army Reserve. Peak success: 1. 96. After their breakthrough, CCR began touring and started work on their second album, Bayou Country (1. RCA Studios in Los Angeles. A No. 7 platinum hit, the record was their first in a string of hit albums and singles that continued uninterrupted for three years. The single "Proud Mary", backed with "Born On The Bayou", reached No. 2 on the national Billboard chart. The former would eventually become the group's most- covered song, with some 1. Ike & Tina Turner. John Fogerty cites this song as being the result of high spirits on gaining his discharge from the Army Reserve.[1. The album also featured a remake of the rock & roll classic "Good Golly, Miss Molly"[1. Keep On Chooglin'". Weeks later, during March 1. Bad Moon Rising" backed with "Lodi" was released and peaked at No. 2. In the United Kingdom, "Bad Moon Rising" spent three weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart during September and October 1. UK.[citation needed] The band's third album, Green River, followed in August 1. Green River", which again reached No. 2 on the Billboard charts. The B- side of "Green River", "Commotion", peaked at No. 3. Night Time Is The Right Time". CCR continued to tour incessantly with performances in July 1. Atlanta Pop Festival and in August 1. Woodstock Festival. Their set was not included in the Woodstock film or soundtrack because John Fogerty felt the band's performance was subpar. Four tracks from the event (out of a total of eleven) were eventually included in the 1. Woodstock: Three Days of Peace and Music. Stu Cook, however, held an opposing view, saying "The performances are classic CCR and I'm still amazed by the number of people who don't even know we were one of the headliners at Woodstock '6. John Fogerty later complained the previous band, the Grateful Dead, put the audience to sleep; as John scanned the audience he saw a "Dante scene, just bodies from hell, all intertwined and asleep, covered with mud."[1. Creedence Clearwater Revival, which disbanded in 1. An unapologetic throwback to the golden era of rock and roll, they broke ranks with their peers on the progressive, psychedelic San Francisco scene. Their approach was basic and uncompromising, holding true to the band members' working- class origins. The term 'roots rock' had not yet been invented when Creedence came along, but in essence, they defined it, drawing inspiration from the likes of Little Richard, Hank Williams, Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry, and the artisans of soul at Motown and Stax. In so doing, Creedence Clearwater Revival became the standard bearers and foremost celebrants of homegrown American music."—Rock and Roll Hall of Fame[5]After Woodstock, CCR was busy honing material for a fourth album, Willy and the Poor Boys, released in November 1. Down on the Corner" and "Fortunate Son" climbed to No. 3 and No. 1. The album was CCR in its standard form, featuring Fogerty originals and two reworked Lead Belly covers, "Cotton Fields" and "Midnight Special". Both of the latter songs had also been performed by actor Harry Dean Stanton in the movie Cool Hand Luke. The year 1. 96. 9 had been a remarkable chart year for the band: three Top Ten albums, four hit singles (charting at No. 2, No. 2, No. 2, and No. 3) with three additional charting B- sides. On November 1. 6, 1. Fortunate Son" and "Down On The Corner" on The Ed Sullivan Show.[1. CCR released another two- sided hit, "Travelin' Band"/"Who'll Stop the Rain" in January 1. Except for Elvis Presley and The Beatles, Creedence had more success with two sided hit singles than any band up to that point in time. ![]() Transport Layer Security (TLS) and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), both frequently referred to as "SSL", are cryptographic protocols that provide. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research. 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Most Android build projects, build "Applications"(. APK's) or "Libraries"(. VNCServer is neither of those, it's an "Executable". It runs as a process, (aka a service or deamon or daemon) on the Android device. That VNC Server has now been ported to the most recent Android build tools and is included in the Android Examples within the XMLFoundation Source download. VNCServer uses the "Old School" build style using the newest build tools: In Linux just type; export NDK_PROJECT_PATH=/home/user/XMLFoundation/Examples/Android/VNCServerexport PATH=home/user/Android/ndk- bundle: $PATHndk- buildafter you build the binary "androidvncserver",change folders to your sdk/platformtools, the folder containing adb. C: \XMLFoundation\Examples\Android\VNCServer\obj\local\armeabi- v. Android Studio - then type./adb push /home/user/XMLFoundation/Examples/Android/VNCServer/obj/local/x. Heaping On Speed" is what was new in January of 2. Each thread has it's own heap. When a thread is destroyed - so is its heap. This allows us to disable all memory cleanup in many cases when we plan to destroy a thread and use a new thread for the next transaction. You might not think that such a simple idea will cause the XML parsing performance to double (aka happen twice as fast) or even triple. The memory manager in the operating system must block in the delete() implementation, blocking is slow. We cant stop calling delete() just because it's slowing things up - or can we? We can when we terminate the thread after it completes its task, so we do in the new example titled Threading. This design pattern cuts "initialization time" out of "transaction time", as well as cutting out the big time pit that (unnecessary) destruction is. Memory managers optimize new over delete, so we know why the black hole time pit exists. It takes longer to put memory back than to obtain it, the world would really be messed up if it was the other way around. We can take advantage of the situation for a massive performance enhancement. In 2. Faster than Fast. In 2. Custom Memory Management. Using heaps efficiently expands on the same concept once again so this is faster than the old 2. Here is a comment from the new "Threading" example - expect more worthy commentation in the source fileint g_Trust. Thread. Heaps = 1. Three times faster? Thats absurd. The proof is in the numbers notin the article word count. Beyond the major performance improvement mentioned above there are more less than major performance improvements, but they count too, and they apply to every object derived from XMLObject regardless of their threading use. There were a few GString *'s internal to XMLObject that were being allocated upon demand and destroyed in ~XMLObject() - they were replaced with a char [3. These little bits add up to more speed in 2. It always seems like there are NO bugs in the rather massive collection of source code that comprises the XMLFoundation. How could millions of lines of code be bug free? It might be in 2. It was very close in 2. A bug isnt really a bug that matters if it never caused any software to malfunction. One "bad" bug was fixed in GException for 3. Civilization VI has had a quiet few months, interrupted today by the announcement of the game’s newest leader: Amanitore, a Nubian Queen. Civilization VI's Newest Leader Seems Overpowered. Civilization VI has had a quiet few months, interrupted today by the announcement of the game’s newest leader: Amanitore, a Nubian Queen. She marks the debut of both the person and the faction in the Civilization series, and aside from the expected level of amazing character design and animation present in Amanitore herself, what she brings to Civ VI looks at first glance to be overpowered as hell. The unique Nubian unit, the Pítati, is a stronger and faster archer. The unique building, the Nubian Pyramid, adds faith, “as well as additional yields based on the adjacent District, or Food for the City Center.”So basically, they give you maybe the best unit in the game to get an early advantage over your opponents, then give you something which can provide healthy, constant benefits throughout the rest of it. Sounds good! For whoever is playing as Nubia, anyway. Especially when you consider that her faction traits mean you get extra gold and resources from mines, and those archers train and get XP faster. As with other Civ VI leader releases, Amanitore also includes a scenario you can play that pits Nubia against Egypt for control of the Nile. The update’s announcement didn’t include a release date, but it’s probably “very soon”. ![]() ![]() ★ 8v Golf Cart Battery Charging - Consumer Search Car Battery Jumpers Who Make Walmart Car Batteries Type 65 Car Battery. 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Product Key Explorer | Product Key Recovery Features. Product Key Explorer is a powerful product key finder solution for Windows, designed to help users find, recover and backup activation keys for +8. It’s finally here. The total solar eclipse that hasn’t happened in the US since 1979, and won’t happen again from coast to coast until 2045. But if you can’t. Torrentz Search Engine. Torrentz will always love you. ![]() Statistical Techniques | Statistical Mechanics. A hedge is an investment position intended to offset potential losses or gains that may be incurred by a companion investment. In simple language, a hedge is used to.Pes demo download 2006 pride and prejudice download 2005 download bot no pw fate zero opening 2 video download download gratis hotspot shield launch download jadoo. An electromagnetic field (also EMF or EM field) is a physical field produced by electrically charged objects. It affects the behavior of charged objects in the. Electromagnetic field. An electromagnetic field (also EMF or EM field) is a physical field produced by electrically charged objects. It affects the behavior of charged objects in the vicinity of the field. The electromagnetic field extends indefinitely throughout space and describes the electromagnetic interaction. It is one of the four fundamental forces of nature (the others are gravitation, weak interaction and strong interaction). The field can be viewed as the combination of an electric field and a magnetic field. The electric field is produced by stationary charges, and the magnetic field by moving charges (currents); these two are often described as the sources of the field. The way in which charges and currents interact with the electromagnetic field is described by Maxwell's equations and the Lorentz force law. From a classical perspective in the history of electromagnetism, the electromagnetic field can be regarded as a smooth, continuous field, propagated in a wavelike manner; whereas from the perspective of quantum field theory, the field is seen as quantized, being composed of individual particles. In the past, electrically charged objects were thought to produce two different, unrelated types of field associated with their charge property. An electric field is produced when the charge is stationary with respect to an observer measuring the properties of the charge, and a magnetic field as well as an electric field is produced when the charge moves, creating an electric current with respect to this observer. Over time, it was realized that the electric and magnetic fields are better thought of as two parts of a greater whole — the electromagnetic field. Until 1. 82. 0, when the Danish physicist H. C. ? rsted discovered the effect of electricity through a wire on a compass needle, electricity and magnetism had been viewed as unrelated phenomena. There are different mathematical ways of representing the electromagnetic field. The first one views the electric and magnetic fields as three- dimensional vector fields. These vector fields each have a value defined at every point of space and time and are thus often regarded as functions of the space and time coordinates. As such, they are often written as E(x, y, z, t) (electric field) and B(x, y, z, t) (magnetic field). If only the electric field (E) is non- zero, and is constant in time, the field is said to be an electrostatic field. Similarly, if only the magnetic field (B) is non- zero and is constant in time, the field is said to be a magnetostatic field. However, if either the electric or magnetic field has a time- dependence, then both fields must be considered together as a coupled electromagnetic field using Maxwell's equations. When an EM field (see electromagnetic tensor) is not varying in time, it may be seen as a purely electrical field or a purely magnetic field, or a mixture of both. However the general case of a static EM field with both electric and magnetic components present, is the case that appears to most observers. Observers who see only an electric or magnetic field component of a static EM field, have the other (electric or magnetic) component suppressed, due to the special case of the immobile state of the charges that produce the EM field in that case. In such cases the other component becomes manifest in other observer frames. A consequence of this, is that any case that seems to consist of a "pure" static electric or magnetic field, can be converted to an EM field, with both E and M components present, by simply moving the observer into a frame of reference which is moving with regard to the frame in which only the “pure” electric or magnetic field appears. That is, a pure static electric field will show the familiar magnetic field associated with a current, in any frame of reference where the charge moves. Likewise, any new motion of a charge in a region that seemed previously to contain only a magnetic field, will show that the space now contains an electric field as well, which will be found to produces an additional Lorentz force upon the moving charge. TheINQUIRER publishes daily news, reviews on the latest gadgets and devices, and INQdepth articles for tech buffs and hobbyists. Office 2. 01. 0 Language Packs Free Official Direct Download Links « My Digital Life. A installed copy of Office 2. Office 2. 01. 0 language pack. Office 2. 01. 0 language packs are add- in products that enable multiple language and show localized Menus/Display, Help, dictionary, and include localized language document proofing tools such as thesaurus, spelling checkers, grammar and style checkers, hypenators, Auto. Correct lists, Auto. Summarize capabilities, translation dictionaries, and Input Method Editors (IME) for East Asian languages for most Office 2. Word 2. 01. 0, Excel 2. Power. Point 2. 01. Access 2. 01. 0, Outlook 2. One. Note 2. 01. 0, Info. Path 2. 01. 0, Publisher 2. Project 2. 01. 0, Share. Point Workspace 2. Visio 2. 01. 0, and the Microsoft Office suites containing these products. In addition, display languages for Microsoft Office Tools, such as Clip Organizer, Document Imaging, Document Scanning, and Picture Manager, are localized when Language Packs are enabled. However, Word Starter 2. Excel Starter 2. 01. Office Starter 2. Access 2. 01. 0 and Project 2. Hindi. 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Arabic 3. 2- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 85. Arabic 6. 4- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 21. Bulgarian 3. 2- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 88. Bulgarian 6. 4- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 25. Chinese (Simplified) 3. X1. 6- 3. 76. 90. Chinese (Simplified) 6. X1. 6- 3. 76. 27. Chinese (Traditional) 3. X1. 6- 3. 76. 92. Chinese (Traditional) 6. X1. 6- 3. 76. 28. Croatian 3. 2- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 94. Croatian 6. 4- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 30. Czech 3. 2- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 95. Czech 6. 4- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 32. Danish 3. 2- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 97. Danish 6. 4- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 33. Dutch 3. 2- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 99. Dutch 6. 4- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 35. English 3. 2- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 77. 01. English 6. 4- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 37. Estonian 3. 2- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 77. 03. Estonian 6. 4- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 38. Finnish 3. 2- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 77. 05. Finnish 6. 4- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 40. French 3. 2- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 77. 07. French 6. 4- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 42. German 3. 2- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 77. 09. German 6. 4- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 44. Greek 3. 2- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 77. 10. Greek 6. 4- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 46. Hebrew 3. 2- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 77. 12. Hebrew 6. 4- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 47. Hindi 3. 2- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 77. 13. Hindi 6. 4- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 49. Hungarian 3. 2- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 77. 15. Hungarian 6. 4- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 51. Italian 3. 2- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 77. 17. Italian 6. 4- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 53. Japanese 3. 2- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 77. 18. Japanese 6. 4- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 54. Kazakh 3. 2- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 77. 20. Kazakh 6. 4- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 56. Korean 3. 2- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 77. 22. Korean 6. 4- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 57. Latvian 3. 2- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 77. 24. Latvian 6. 4- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 59. Lithuanian 3. 2- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 77. 25. Lithuanian 6. 4- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 61. Norwegian 3. 2- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 77. 27. Norwegian 6. 4- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 62. Polish 3. 2- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 77. 28. Polish 6. 4- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 64. Portuguese (Brazil) 3. X1. 6- 3. 76. 87. Portuguese (Brazil) 6. X1. 6- 3. 76. 23. Portuguese (Portugal) 3. X1. 6- 3. 77. 30. Portuguese (Portugal) 6. X1. 6- 3. 76. 65. Romanian 3. 2- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 77. 31. Romanian 6. 4- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 67. Russian 3. 2- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 77. 33. Russian 6. 4- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 69. Serbian 3. 2- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 77. 35. Serbian 6. 4- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 70. Slovenian 3. 2- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 77. 38. Slovenian 6. 4- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 73. Slovak 3. 2- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 77. 36. Slovak 6. 4- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 72. Spanish 3. 2- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 77. 40. Spanish 6. 4- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 75. Swedish 3. 2- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 77. 41. Swedish 6. 4- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 77. Thai 3. 2- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 77. 43. Thai 6. 4- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 79. Turkish 3. 2- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 77. 45. Turkish 6. 4- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 81. Ukrainian 3. 2- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 77. 46. Ukrainian 6. 4- bit (x. X1. 6- 3. 76. 83. ![]() La messa in scena de La bohème fu riproposta in diverse città d'Italia ed ebbe addirittura alcune richieste all'estero; Pavarotti interpretava inoltre il ruolo del. Basilica di San Petronio - Wikipedia. Coordinate: 4. 4°2. N1. 1°2. 0′3. 5″E / 4. N 1. 1. 3. 43. 05. E4. 4. 4. 92. 77. La facciata di san Petronio sembra un campo arato e i ruvidi solchi dei mattonisporgenti hanno il colore delle zolle emiliane, appena ribaltate dal vomere »(Cesare Marchi, Grandi peccatori, grandi cattedrali)La basilica di San Petronio è la chiesa principale di Bologna: domina l'antistante piazza Maggiore e, nonostante sia ampiamente incompiuta, è la sesta chiesa più grande d'Europa, dopo San Pietro in Vaticano, Saint Paul a Londra, la cattedrale di Siviglia, il Duomo di Milano e il Duomo di Firenze[1]. Le sue imponenti dimensioni (1. Monnuage a redéfini la façon dont je dois planifier un voyage. En tant que photographe, je suis une personne extrêmement visuelle et assez souvent il ne me suffit. Viaggi e Vacanze - Minube è la community di viaggiatori e turisti dove scoprire destinazioni e condividere esperienze e idee di viaggio. Italia (la terza, se si esclude San Pietro, che dal 1. Stato della Città del Vaticano). Con il suo volume di 2. Ha il titolo di basilica minore[3]. Non è comunque la chiesa episcopale di Bologna, titolo che spetta alla vicina Cattedrale Metropolitana di San Pietro. Nella piazza di San Petronio. La basilica di San Petronio affascinò Giosuè Carducci, che le dedicò la poesia Nella piazza di San Petronio: Surge nel chiaro inverno la fosca turrita Bologna,e il colle sopra bianco di neve ride.È l'ora soave che il sol morituro salutale torri e 'l tempio, divo Petronio, tuo; le torri i cui merli tant'ala di secolo lambe,e del solenne tempio la solitaria cima. Il cielo in freddo fulgore adamàntino brilla; e l'aër come velo d'argento giacesu 'l fòro, lieve sfumando a torno le moliche levò cupe il braccio clipeato de gli avi. Su gli alti fastigi s'indugia il sole guardandocon un sorriso languido di vïola,che ne la bigia pietra nel fosco vermiglio mattonepar che risvegli l'anima de i secoli,e un desio mesto pe 'l rigido aëre svegliadi rossi maggi, di calde aulenti sere,quando le donne gentili danzavano in piazzae co' i re vinti i consoli tornavano. Tale la musa ride fuggente al verso in cui tremaun desiderio vano de la bellezza antica. La facciata antistante la piazza. Dedicata a San Petronio, il santo patrono della città, la sua fondazione risale al 7 giugno 1. Nel 1. 38. 8, il Consiglio dei Seicento del Comune di Bologna, in riconoscimento dell'impegno speso dal Vescovo Petronio (V secolo), elevato al rango di Patrono della città nel 1. Si tratta dell'ultima grande opera tardo gotica d'Italia, iniziata poco dopo il Duomo di Milano (1. Nel XIV secolo la borghesia artigiana, mercantile e professionistica, aveva sviluppato una sempre maggiore coscienza politica. Imponendosi di fronte alle maggiori famiglie, riuscirono a far risorgere l'antico mito di governo popolare: "il governo del popolo e delle arti", il quale poi formerà il primo Consiglio dei Quattrocento, con sedici gonfalonieri posti a capo dell'organizzazione cittadina e, successivamente, dei Seicento. Il nuovo governo si occupò ben presto di rilanciare il culto di San Petronio (sembra che le prime ipotesi di erigere una chiesa dedicata al santo risalgano al 1. Nella seconda metà del Trecento erano sorti importanti edifici cittadini: la basilica e l'elegante portico dei Servi per opera di Andrea Manfredi da Faenza, la loggia della Mercanzia e il palazzo dei Notai realizzati da Antonio di Vincenzo. A quel tempo Bologna era una delle città più popolose d'Europa e non poteva rimanere impassibile nei confronti dei due poli politici più vicini: Firenze e Milano. Firenze già da un secolo aveva iniziato la costruzione della sua cattedrale, mentre Milano aveva avviato la fabbrica del duomo nel 1. Tuttavia, nel caso di Bologna, l'edificio non sarebbe stato costruito per volontà ecclesiastica come Duomo cittadino (peraltro già esistente), ma per volontà civica, come atto sia di fede religiosa che politica, per rappresentare, come un vero e proprio monumento, gli ideali comunali di libertà e autonomia. Alla fine del 1. 38. Nella rubrica vengono fissati anche i primi cespiti per il finanziamento dell'impresa, fra cui una "decima sui legati pii" (una tassa del 1. Non essendo stati interpellati per partecipare alla realizzazione della chiesa, gli ecclesiastici furono molto contrariati, anche e forse soprattutto, per un'iniziativa così diretta e autonoma di intransigente giurisdizionalismo. Nel XV secolo, per aumentare le entrate della fabbrica, vennero create imposte, in base alle pene inflitte, per ogni tipo di grazia da condanna, dai giocatori d'azzardo fino ai condannati a pena capitale. Il 3. 1 gennaio 1. Il 2. 6 febbraio il Consiglio commissiona a maestro Antonio di Vincenzo la progettazione con la consulenza di padre Andrea Manfredi da Faenza. L'architetto realizza un enorme modello in legno e scagliola in scala 1/1. Il modello, incomprensibilmente distrutto assieme ai disegni nel 1. Palazzo Pepoli. Così del progetto originario di Antonio di Vincenzo non si sa nulla se non le dimensioni annotate nei verbali custoditi nella fabbriceria. Si apprende che la Basilica al completo avrebbe dovuto essere lunga 1. Quindi a croce latina, a tre navate con cappelle laterali (anche nel transetto) e presumibilmente 4 campanili. Adottando il modulo diagrammatico "ad quadratum", la pianta della navata maggiore sarebbe stata cadenzata da 1. La nona e decima campata avrebbero formato il coro con deambulatorioabsidale e cappelle radiali (come nella Chiesa di San Francesco). Ognuno dei 4 campanili si sarebbe dovuto trovare nella rispettiva cappella d'angolo fra il corpo principale ed il transetto. Tuttavia, considerando le 1. L'architetto, per gli interni, non voleva eccessi decorativi come fregi, statue o guglie, tipici del gotico ortodosso, che avrebbero fatto perdere il senso strutturale dell'insieme, bensì attraverso la grandiosità, la luminosità delicatamente diffusa, le linee semplici ed essenziali, creare un'atmosfera di sovra realtà, di spazi visivamente indeterminati che riportassero nella mente del visitatore la solennità e compostezza dell'antica Roma. Un concetto che verrà ripreso da Brunelleschi per la grandiosa cupola del Duomo di Firenze e per gli interni delle basiliche di San Lorenzo e di Santo Spirito e che sancirà l'inizio del Rinascimento. I lavori ebbero inizio con le complesse operazioni di esproprio e abbattimento di numerose insulae della città medievale prospicienti piazza Maggiore; contrariamente alla prassi costruttiva del tempo, il cantiere si sviluppò dalla facciata verso l'abside. Inizialmente vennero realizzate le navate laterali e le relative volte, e sul paramento in mattoni grezzi della facciata fu realizzato un basamento marmoreo, con formelle a bassorilievo (I Santi protettori, secondo la prima versione del progetto 1. Dalle Masegne. Tra il 1. Antonio di Vincenzo, con le sole due campate compiute, le navatelle e le quattro cappelle laterali. Nel 1. 40. 3 il Legato pontificio. Baldassarre Cossa, acerrimo nemico del Comune e fervente oppositore alla costruzione della basilica, approfittando della morte dell'architetto, vende le pietre, il legname e tutto il materiale edile atto alla continuazione dell'edificazione della chiesa. Nel Concilio di Pisa viene eletto papa (antipapa) Alessandro V ma alla sua morte gli succede proprio il Cossa col nome di Giovanni XXIII (si dice che fu proprio il Cossa ad avvelenare il Papa). L'antipapa Giovanni XXIII verrà poi deposto dopo il Concilio di Costanza per simonia, scandalo e scisma (e per i fatti di San Petronio). Nel 1. 42. 5 lo scultore senese Jacopo della Quercia fu incaricato di decorare il portale maggiore con rilievi, che nel 1. I lavori di costruzione procedettero a singhiozzo, ma da un documento datato 1. Le cappelle verranno completate successivamente. L'altare maggiore e il ciborio del Vignola. Nel 1. 50. 7 i Fabbricieri di San Petronio incaricarono l'architetto Arduino Arriguzzi, nominato ingegnere della fabbrica, di continuare i lavori della Basilica, soprattutto curando la definizione della decorazione del paramento marmoreo di facciata e la realizzazione dei portali minori (tra il 1. Il 2. 1 febbraio 1. Giulio II realizzata da Michelangelo (l'unica che fece in bronzo assieme al perduto David De Rohan). Fu un gesto politico chiaro e inequivocabile: con la statua il papa voleva sottolineare che, nonostante la basilica fosse stata creata per volontà civica come simbolo di libertà e autonomia, la città era sotto il dominio papale. La statua venne così distrutta nel 1. Bentivoglio (la famiglia venne precedentemente cacciata dopo la conquista di Bologna da parte proprio di Giulio II) mentre i figli di Giovanni erano impegnati nel tentativo, poi fallito, di riappropriarsi della città. |
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